Free

Freedom of the Press Essay The opinion of Americans about speech freedom is ambiguous. Ask any American, Kurtli writes, about disengagement of speech and media in the US, and you will hear a loud resentment from the irresponsibility of the media, who, without hesitation, climb into the privacy of the stars, politicians and ordinary citizens, reveal state secrets, thereby raising the ratings of TV programs and newspaper runs. Freedom Forum carried out a research on this topic. A survey carried out in 2002 showed that, in the opinion of 42% of the respondents, too much disengagement was provided to the media. The accuracy of this assessment is subjective. There is no doubt that the US legislation provides for perhaps the most extensive measures in the world to protect the rights of the media, as a result of which the guarantees of intellectual freedom in the United States are truly impressive. Freedom Forum carried out a research on this topic. A survey carried out in 2002 showed that, in the opinion of 42% of the respondents, too much disengagement was provided to the media. The accuracy of this assessment is subjective. There is no doubt that the US legislation provides for perhaps the most extensive measures in the world to protect the rights of the media, as a result of which the guarantees of intellectual freedom in the United States are truly impressive. Americans value their disengagement of speech and media. This is due to the fact that it creates an intellectual market of ideas. The US media has a wide field for expressing opinions and stand guard, which allows the people to directly monitor government decisions and take part in them, and allows a wide variety of ideas to be tested in the market of symbolic designs. Such laws are based on the main rectification to the main law. This, in turn, means that the American defense of intellectual expression is based on the norms of English common law, in accordance with the nature and principles of which the laws are subject to exegetics by the judges. Such exegetics is carried out in the form of decisions on specific court cases instituted on the basis of claims by private individuals or the state represented by its public representatives. The prime adjudicator is the US Supreme Court. Before the victory in the War, the British colonies respected many laws of the Parliament governing the basic rules and setting the total volume of freedom of expression. Media was obliged to be licensed. Legally appointed officials were responsible for the conformity of future publications unacceptable in the society of that time and qualified as the dissemination of slanderous fabrications for subversive purposes. It is not surprising that by the end of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the North American colonies began to suffer from these restrictions. Then disengagement of speech became a sign of good governance. As Franklin himself wrote, freedom of the media is the disengagement, for which every pensioner should be ready to fight and die. The opinion of Franklin was shared by the largest theorists of American constitutionalism, Jefferson, and Madison. Jefferson believed that the political consciousness of the people depends directly on the freedom of the press. A free media is the only real guarantee of security for all. In turn, Madison argued that public administration without free circulation of information is a real prolog to farce and tragedy. As for the legal precedents of defending free-thinking, we can refer to the case when, on November 17, 1734, the newspaper publisher from New York was accused of disseminating slanderous fabrications for subversive purposes for publishing anonymous criticism in the New York Weekly Journal to the British governor-general Cosby. Thanks to a lawyer, the publisher was acquitted by a jury. The lawyer managed to convince the jury that no one can be sentenced to criminal punishment for public criticism of the authorities, especially when such criticism corresponds to the real state of affairs. Thus, the legal mechanism for protecting media and delivering a true date to people in America deserves attention and is an example to follow for many countries. References Freedom of the press, William L.Chenery Greenwood Press 1977 Freedom of the press, Merrill F.Hartshorn National Education Association of the United States 1980 Freedom of the press: rights and liberties under the law, Nancy C.Cornwell ABC-CLIO 2004

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Uzbekistan is a large Country (about the size of France) and is strategically situated in the middle of the region, not only bordering the other four Central Asian Countries, but also Afghanistan. It is by far the most populated Country in the region, and the less ethnically fragmented, which also means less influence of regional factions than in the neighboring Republics. Its territory, the towns of Bukhara and Samarkand, and was the focal point of the main dynasties flourishing in Central Asia, from the Timurids, to the Shaybanids, and the Emirates of Khiva and Bukhara. The Russians recognized this historical role by elevating Tashkent as their military and administrative center in Central Asia. Also under the Soviet rule, Uzbekistan was recognized as a primus inter pares in the region by Moscow, which assigned to the Republic most of the regional institutions, from the Central Asian Military District to the Muftiyya(Spiritual Directorship). Uzbekistan was also the most represented of the five Republics in the USSR central institutions. All these factors cooperated to provide the Country with vital infrastructures and a political experience which proved essential to its success as an independent State: it is possible to say that, in the problematic context of contemporary Central Asia, Uzbekistan was the only Country with comparative advantages able to allow it to perform a significant role also at the international level. This was in fact the purpose of the ambitious President Karimov who, after a period of necessary restructuring and State-building, began an assertive foreign policy trying to achieve independence from Moscow (both through political freedom and economic self-sufficiency) and to reach close cooperation with the ... ...hts record. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, newly independent states have born. Along with the newly independent countries came new borders that had to be patrolled and new border guards who had to be trained. These new borders remained virtually transparent until new national customs services were created in 1993-1994. This was one of the reasons that international drug traffickers took a strong interest in the region. Drug trafficking is another challenge for Uzb ekistan government because the most important source of terrorist organizations is drug and narcotic. The only group significantly involved in trafficking Afghan opiates was the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU). The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU), in particular, is believed to finance terrorist activities from drug trafficking, commodity smuggling and contributions from external sources.

Porn Addiction

In this dissertation, researcher has researched about the addictive nature of the colloge goers in Coimbatore district towards pornography. The main reason to conduct a research in Coimbatore city is based on three main factors. They are : Climate, Status and diversity.This Porn addiction topic seems to be an unusual to discuss because of the culture that we have been brought were sexual desires of a pervert is talked loudly and viewing pornography is a sin nowadays. It still remains a real issue for boys,girls,men and women.It is used to be a easy part for the parents to monitor their children in using internet but there are networks which provide faster connections that makes the usage irresistible that leads to a serious problem. Porn is a fantasy just like romantic and Sci-fi. Many experts have stated that it is been a serious issue in real romantic relationships.Viewing pornography has been became an addictive nature to colloege students which may affect their day-to-day life which also may cause inability to have sex in real life,Occupation,self injury, relationship problems,etc..This type of addiction may lead to unhealthy relationship towards graphic/ explicit contents. Porn contains such followed things : Magazines, videos,pictures, movies or graphic comics, etc.Though much occursphishing, hacking, cracking, pornography, sexting, morphing plays a vital role in major victimization. Due to lack of awareness of the law, many have lost their lives. People in place of recovering and providing assistance and Justice lacksknowledge of networking too.People get lot of chance to lose their consciousness towards society. It increases the breaking of bonding within the family. It takes out the peace and harmony of a human. Most importantly it has taken out many lives of innocent souls.People who all fond of using pornography might end in more progress towards extreme negative consequences which also may lead them to breakup in the real world and isolize themselves to a narrow way and hesitates to mingle with the common man withing their family. As majority of the users are not aware of the problems that they are about to face in the vast society. People get lot of chance to lose their consciousness towards society. It increases the breaking of bonding within the family. It takes out the peace and harmony of a human. Due to lack of awareness , many have lost their lives. As majority of the users are not aware of the problems that they are about to face in the vast society. People get lot of chance to lose their consciousness towards society. It increases the breaking of bonding within the family. It takes out the peace and harmony of a human. Due to lack of awareness , many have lost their lives.Pornography through internet may have harmful effects on adolescents. However, usage of the porngraphy doesnot stop here. College goers are consumers of internet pornography as well.Violent Pornography : It contains images that explicit the violence of various degrees perpetuated against an individual by another or group.Non-violent pornography : It contains images of no explicit content but may imply submissive or violent nature by the position of the models or the use of props. They also imply unequal relatioships by differential dress, positioning or costuming.Erotica : It contains sexual images that have their focus of mutually pleasurable sexual expression between people interacting. They have no sexist or viloent connections and are hinged on equal power between individuals. Non-concensual pornography : According to law professor at University of Miami, Mary Anne Franks, she states that revenge porn can be termed as Non-Concensual pornography which is more appropriate.Statement of the problem :The reasons for the researcher to pick on this topic is because of a major case happened in Tamilnadu. Those are : Vinupriya, a 21 year old girl who had committed suicide due to her morphed picture was released in internet by her neighbor. Where, she was being victimized again and again by the media, family members did not believe in her that she did not pose like that in the morphed picture. The case was filed under sections 65c,67&67A from IT Act 2000 on 23rd June 2016. She committed suicide on 26th June 2016, Facebook has replied on 28th June 2016 with the IP Address of the culprit. The IP which has been digged and provided by Facebook passed through 50 IP Addresses and 300 mobile numbers.Review of LiteratureThe internet enabled technology has changed the way of adolescents that they encounter and consume sexually explicit material. Once it was a telephone line attached to a personal computer but now, internet is availbale on laptop, video games, mobiles,etc., which has lead to the easy access towards pornography( Eric W. Owens, Richard J. Behun, Jill C. Manning & Rory C. Reid (2012) ). The devices which are being enabled with internet have indiscriminately allowed people of all ages to consume,create and distribute sexually explicit content and it has become more common for adolescents worldwide (Flood,2007, Lo&Wei,2005).Internet has become a highly sexualized environment and research has shown significant increase of adolescents who intentionally or accidentally encounters porngraphic materials online ( Peter & Valkenburg, 2006a, Mitchell, Wolak, & Finkelhor, 2007). The volume and range of sexually explicit content in the internet are remarkably high in rate.The risk of cyber bullying, sexual victimization or harassment from others is real and pervasive (Coopersmith, 2006, Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2011).If a minor access to a porn site then he or she can simply click on the button with the label â€Å"Click here if you are 18 years of age or older†(FreemanLongo 2000).Krauss and Russell(2008), states that if an individual is exposed to pornography in the earlier age then the person seems to have the chance of earlier onset of sexual contact.Research MethodologyThis chapter contains the methods and sample selection done by the researcher to complete this study.Objective:To find the addictive level among college goers.Hypothesis:The respondents will have high addictive nature.Universe: The Universe of the study is decided to be College Goers in Coimbatore City, Tamilnadu. Sample:The sample of the study comprises all (willing) college students in Coimbatore City.Sampling Technique: The technique followed by the researcher for this study is Convenient Sampling in Non-Probability Sampling Technique.Sample Size: Totally 60 (Both Male & Female) samples were collected from the college students. Data Collection:The data for the study was collected using a tool developed by the researcher which includes addictive measure of the respondents.Study Tool: Researcher with the help of the guide has developed the Socio-economic demographic variable which remains the Part-I of the questionnaire. Part-II of the questionnaire shall consist of Addictive measurements.Part-I Socio-demographic data sheet:It used to collect personal data of the college students: Age, Sex, Marital Status, Year of study, recharge interval, Access of internet.Part-II Addictive Measurement:The questionnaire consists of 18 questions to be answered with the scale of 7 as never to all the time. Where addictive nature is measured with the total of 70 counts. Pilot Study: Pilot Study was carried out on a sample of 18 females college students in Coimbatore city, Tamilnadu. According to the result of pilot study, no modifications were done.Field Work: The researcher started to collect data from 25th March 2016 to 27th March 2016. The data was collected according to the research work circumstances. The researcher introduced to the respondents, the purpose and nature of the study were explained and complete confidentiality of the data was assured. The respondents were asked if they were interested and agreed to participate in the study. After that questionnaire was distributed and asked to complete the questions. Researcher also created a tool in Google form and sent through mail Ids and private messages to the respondents.Ethical Consideration: There is no risk in taking the samples during the application of the research. Each respondent were informed clearly about the need and purpose of the study. Researcher also emphasized that participation would be voluntary. The confidentiality of the data was maintained, explained and also printed in the questionnaire.Statistical Analysis: The obtained data was reviewed, prepared for computer processing, coded, analysed and tabulated. Data Entry was done by a computer software package, while statistical analysis was done by using statistical software package SPSS version 21. Data was presented in the form of mean, median, mode, one sample T-test and standard deviations.Significance (One Sample T-Test):The term â€Å"Significant† means important, while in statistics â€Å"Significant† means probably true. The P value is a probability, with a value ranging from zero to one.P>0.10 No evidence against the null hypothesis. The data appear to be consistent with the null hypothesis.0.05

Evaluating Health Campaigns with the...

The theory for this study is the communication- persuasion matrix, in which originally developed in 1989 by William J. McGuire. It is one of the famous theories in evaluating health campaigns like anti- smoking campaigns. He was one of the pioneers in trying to understand how mass media messages like advertising, persuade people or people are persuaded by mass media messages. The theory explains persuasion effects by identifying inputs and outputs of the communication factors. Inputs include the credibility of the source, design of the target, delivery channel used, type of target audience, and the context. As for outputs, include the hierarchy of effects which from exposure or attention to the acceptance of the behavior. The Communication-Persuasion Matrix utilize the inputs and outputs of the communication factors that compose the process of being persuaded. The output side of Communication-Persuasion Matrix can be considered as a series of sequential behavioral steps that persuasi ve communications tend to evoke and reach a climate in the desired output behavior. For example, adopting the more healthful lifestyles being encouraged in a public health campaign. The outcome of this theory is changes in knowledge, attitudes or behaviors in the receivers. McGuire listed the 6 steps of the persuasion process in communication, including exposure to a persuasive message, being aware of the message, gaining knowledge by understanding the message content, forming attitudes andShow MoreRelatedMidterm 1 Practice7849 Words   |  32 Pagescan be functional (the performance of the product), experiential (what it feels like to use the product), and/or psychological (feelings such as self-esteem or status that result from owning a particular brand). 2. How did integrated marketing communications (IMC) revolutionize the role of marketing? 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