Defining Quality issues at Johnson & Johnson Research Paper

Defining Quality issues at Johnson & Johnson - Research Paper Example Johnson & Johnson Incorporated is a diversified company whose main focus is on the healthcare industry. The company focuses on the Six Sigma quality process through which quality assurance is maintained. This process is used in the 275 different operations that the company holds. However, in the last five years Johnson & Johnson has had to recall a number of different products because of poor manufacturing standards. Despite claims of a high manufacturing quality control, it is clear that with the number of problems they have experienced that they have yet to reach a level of consistency that is required in order to provide products in the healthcare industry. Because of the number of problems that Johnson & Johnson has experienced in the last few years, the company is in need of strict improvement that consists of lowering their percentage of defects in order to keep the public safe. Established in 1887, Johnson & Johnson Incorporated is engaged in research and development along with manufacturing and the sale of a broad range of items that relate to the healthcare field. They represent a family of companies which span the healthcare industry through wide diversity of interests. There are more than 128,700 people working for the company in the 275 individual companies under their umbrella. They operate out of more than 60 countries with their worldwide headquarters in Brunswick, New Jersey. According to Reuters (2014) there are three main business segments through which the company operates: pharmaceutical, consumer, and medical devices and diagnostics. The subsidiaries that operate underneath the company umbrella include 146 manufacturing facilities which total about 21.6 ft. ² of operating floor space. Johnson & Johnson is the six Sigma quality process in order to assure that the products that they creates are

Trend in Hr Outsourcing Essay Example for Free

Trend in Hr Outsourcing Essay In business world today, the main focus is delivering company’s core competency as to generate sustainable competitive advantage. The core competency is being described as what company does the best and in the same time, generates profit for the company. As the company focusing on their core competency, other components of the company require as much attention as the core to keep the company stable. However, it difficult for company to maintain all the aspect of their business at top level and even by that will cost them fortune. That’s when Outsourcing concept come into the picture. Outsourcing is the alternatives for company to hired external company to be their part of function. The execution of specific function for the company will enable the company to focus on their core competency. One of the most commonly function of management to be outsources today is the human resources department. Delmotte, J and Sles, L. (2008) stated that their researches on outsourcing of Human Resources lead to better time management as well as resources that support both tactical and strategic contribution. These factors later on enable stable and longer focus on supporting the core competency of the company. In other words, once company enable their human resource to be handled by the expert of the fields, the company now can focus more on their main competency. As the expert of the field charge on the HR, better result is shown which coming back in enabling company to perform better on the overall view. Extending the view from another point, the trends of outsourcing not just imply to company function that they are not well managed only. (Kosnik Hoover, 2006) The situation lead to outsourcing might be caused by lack of expert on that field. Kosnik, T. and Hoover, K. (2006) find in their research that outsourcing in term of staffing firm enable a company to obtain more expert into the workforce. In a way, instead of hiring single personal that course higher, outsourcing for a team of expert to be combined with current staff will returned more than it should. This staffing firm method can lead the form to better manage their expenses to better portion of the company where it is needed. For example, Telekom Malaysia in their Unifi consumer service development has outsource their customer interface system to Accenture Sdn. Bhd. by joining force their programmer and system analyst to work side by side in completing the system. Focusing on the outsourcing human resource of company, it leads to a chance for Host Company to have knowledge transfer from the external expert to the internal expert. Previously, considering staffing firm of expert to be part of the team, the host company can now develop their staff to be more expert. Schlosser, F., Templer, A., and Ghanam, D. (2006) discover in their research that organizational knowledge learning process can be enhance from the outsourcing of staff. Ads explained, the logic apply that to ensure everyone perform at the same level, internal training by the outsource expert will be done. This is to ensure after the contract done, the maintenance can be continue by the host company team force. There are several trends that change the nature of human resource outsourcing in today’s world. According to Rosenthal (2010), the first one is by shifting adoption patterns in order to take much more focused approach. Current outsourcing clients have become more critical when evaluating the benefits that they gain from outsourcing their HR functions. They would likely to focus on outsourcing on one specific area at time instead of outsourcing a broad function of the organization. Rosenthal explained that the clients are more likely to compare their investment in outsourcing cost with the returns and benefits that they gain from it thus, lead them to only outsource one defined area. Another trend stated by Rosenthal is integrating the benefits area and administrations together and outsource them. By doing so, the clients are able to ensure that every roles of the department can operates smoothly and efficiently. With that, any cost related to the employees’ benefits process can be kept at minimal thus, allowing the organization to provide more benefits for their people. For example, a more efficient off-boarding process can ensure that the people get paid no longer than it should moreover organization can minimize their healthcare costs with a wellness program to change behavior. Outsourcing enables the organization to hire another company to perform and operates certain functionalities for them like Human Resources. There are several factors that lead organizations to choose outsourcing their HR functions such as to focus more on their core competency, the lack of expert on that field and to promote knowledge transfer from the external expert to the internal expert. In today’s world, there several trends in HR outsourcing for example shifting adoption patterns in order to take much more focused approach and integrating the benefits area and administrations. Works Cited DELMOTTE, J., SELS, L. (2008). HR outsourcing: threat or opportunity? Belgium: EmeraldInsight. KOSNIK, T., HOOVER, K. (2006). Outsourcing vs insourcing in the human resource supply. United State : Emerald Insight. ROSENTHAL, B. E. (2010, January 1). Four Trends That are Changing Human Resources Outsourcing Article. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from Outsourcing Center: http://www.outsourcing-center.com/2010-01-four-trends-that-are-changing-human-resources-outsourcing-article-37457.html SCHLOSSER, F., TEMPLER, A., GHANAM, D. (2006). How Human Resource Outsourcing Affects Organizational Learning in the Knowledge Economy. Canada: JOURNAL OF LABOR RESEARCH.

Stopping the Practice of Female Genital Cutting Essays -- Ethics, Cult

Female genital mutilation is a practice deeply enmeshed in the cultural beliefs of many Africans and select groups around the world. Also, just like any other culture, they will cling even more strongly to their ancient traditions when their beliefs are challenged by people from an outside culture. When someone from another country comes to a tribe to essentially tell them that one of their most basic traditions is wrong, problems usually ensue. This is mainly because, in an African’s point of view, the outsider does not understand the tribe’s beliefs and so has no valid privilege to tell the tribe what they should or should not do. In this way, even if there are a select few men and women that support the foreigner’s view, they run the risk of ridicule or even banishment from their fellow peers and will not step forth to condemn their ages-old practice. To further explain the gravity of this situation, one must understand that in many villages if a woman is not cut, then she is, in the words of Rogaia Abusharaf, â€Å"generally assumed to be promiscuous, a man-chaser.† In other words, â€Å"genital cutting is considered an essential aspect of a woman’s identity.† Thus, decreasing the prevalence of cutting is a very intricate process that involves a deep change in a culture’s social beliefs. I agree with Abusharaf when she states â€Å"without a deep commitment from within these cultures to end the cutting, eradication efforts imposed from the outside are bound to fail† (Abusharaf). Now, the question is how to first initiate these changes within a culture that practice female cutting as easily as breathing. Cutting is not something they openly discuss amongst themselves, but is essentially regarded as a necessary tradition. It is the norm in t... ...understand that death or later sickness a woman can catch is most likely from the procedure. Together, we can help the movement to end FGM and soon no woman or child will have to undergo the unnecessary torture and humiliation from the procedure. Works Cited Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. â€Å"Unmasking Tradition.† Sciences. 38. 2(1998):22. eLibrary. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. Ben-Ari, Nirit. "Changing Traditions to Safeguard Women."Africa Recovery. Africa Recovery, May 2003. Web. 4 Dec 2011. â€Å"Female Genital Mutilation-A Guide to Laws Policies Worldwide [Part 2 of 20].† Contemporary Women’s Issues Database. 01 Jan. 2000: 1+. eLibrary. Web. 11 Oct. 2011. Rosenberg, Tina. "Editorial Observer; Mutilating Africa's Daughters: Laws Unenforced, Practices Unchanged."  The New York Times. The New York Times, 05 Jul 2004. Web. 4 Dec 2011.

Introduced to a child

When we first are Introduced to a child, we have to assess them to understand which bevel of language we are going to use with them, we would not say to a 6 month old baby, ‘Hello, how are you, what have you been doing today, what would you like for dinner et. We must use lots of facial expressions and soften our tone of voice and use shorter sentences, we tend to speak slower as well so we say ‘Hellos' with a big smile on our face when speaking to a baby. If we are showing a baby something when we are speaking to them we should point also to help them understand what we are saying to them. Rhetorical questions are not real questions as the person asking the question as such, also answer it, so we might say to a baby would you like your nap now, Oh yes you would, you look very tired' or you would like your bottle of milk now, wouldn't you'. It allows us to speak and communicate with a baby or toddler who will not answer our questions but it is a way of us using speech, la nguage and communication on a daily basis, helping to be part of the day and feel involved.Using eye contact and smiling the response it usually positive and received back with a mile or babble. Closed questions should not be used all the time, only when a yes or no answer Is needed, we must ensure we still use all others areas through out the day, we can use a closed questions Like ‘have you finished your lunch' ‘do you need help with your shoes'. Closed question should not be used on babies, but can be used on young even able to shake or nod their head.Sometimes if a child is upset or does not know you (their first settling in), closed questions can be used to help if the child is feeling anxious and does not want to hold a conversation with you, obviously this is something you do not want happening every day and the child should start to speak and say words to you. Open questions prompt a child to give a longer answer and are needed to develop their speech and languag e skills.So asking questions like ‘what shall we do today' ‘what shall we have for lunch'. A child should not give a yes or no answer in open questions, but hopefully will speak up and answer the questions, sometimes you may et a ‘l don't no' answer, but that usually is due to others reasons. Babies will not be able to answer open questions and most of the time only children that feel comfortable with you, so the children that attend you setting for a while and are quite settled.

Of Mice and Men – Isolation – Curley’s Wife

Curley’s wife is the only female on the ranch and is described in a very feminine and incongruous manner, â€Å"full, rouged lips and wide spaced eyes, heavily made-up. Her fingernails were red. Her hair hung in little rolled clusters, like sausages. She wore a cotton house dress and red mules, on the insteps of which were little bouquets of red ostrich feathers†. The bold, heavily made-up appearance matches her personality as she disguises her true feelings and emotions with lies like the colourful, interesting appearance disguises her lonely, isolated life. As the only woman, she is segregated from the ranch society and Steinbeck makes her seem more isolated and friendless by never giving her a name but being identified as Curley’s possession. She is seen throughout the novella searching constantly for Curley yet this is just an excuse to talk to the other people, â€Å"â€Å"I’m looking for Curley,† she said, her voice had a nasal, brittle quality. † She struggles to create friends or let alone have a civilised conversation with the men on the ranch. She uses this feminine appearance and flirtatious, predatory behaviour in an attempt to communicate and attract attention to herself. However this backfires and leaves her in a no-win situation as her heavily sexualised manner is the key point of criticism amongst the men as they describe her as a â€Å"tart† and â€Å"a piece of jail bait† who, if approached, will only lead to trouble as she can ultimately cause the destruction of their own versions of the ‘American Dream’. Her isolation throughout the novella is caused by her gender, sexual appearance and predatory behaviour.

DMX Compare and Contrast essays

DMX Compare and Contrast essays Earl Simmons, better known to the rap world as DMX or Dark Man X has released four albums since his debut in 1998. His style of rap has been compared to rappers such as Tupac Shakur and kept him atop the rap music charts. His songs have earned him several musical nominees such as Grammys and MTV Music Awards nominees. His musical prowess and complex story telling wound up with tight beats have progressed since his first album in 1998. His first album entitled Its Dark and Hell is Hot and his fourth and latest album released in late 2001 entitled The Great Depression are two examples of how great his work is and praised. DMXs songs have been atop the musical charts such as Billboard. His first album was released in1998 and was entitled Its Dark and Hell is Hot. His musical prowess and complex story telling earned him a spot atop the Billboard music charts with hits such as Ruff Ryders Anthem and Hows It Goin Down. One music review describes, Its Dark and Hell is Hot as A complex portrait of an MC whos spent the last 15 years thinking long and hard about how to come across on wax. (Lewis) DMXs forth album The Great Depression was released in late 2001 with great expectations. This album too produced chart toppers with songs such as We Right Here, Who We Be and I Miss You. This album, though highly praised only received three stars by Rolling Stone while Its Dark and Hell is Hot received four stars by Rolling Stone. (Lewis) DMXs musical prowess and enchanting storytelling by music have progressed through the years. Its Dark and Hell is Hot is an album that shows the tough times this rapper went through to be where he is now. In the Song entitled Stop Being Greedy he cast himself as a ...

Attitude Crocodile tourism is one of the most famo Essays

Attitude Crocodile tourism is one of the most famo Essays Attitude Crocodile tourism is one of the most famous adventure tourism in the world that attracts a lot of tourist to visit Australia. The huge amount of tourists brings a lot of benefits to Australia, which includes huge amount of revenue for local government and tourist operators and great reputation in tourist industry under the economic downturn environment. However, the most famous tourism also result in some negative impacts breaking the ecological equilibrium and threatening local people ' s life. Therefore, it is hard for people to judge weather crocodile tourism is positive or not. Some individuals and environmental organizations considered that the crocodile tourism should be prohibited. On the other side, tourism operators will try their best to protect their profit as well. In order to retain the substantial income but reduce the negative impacts, negotiating and cooperation is the essential part that both sides need to attempt and put effort Beginning The most obvious and significant problem is the crocodiles becomes more aggressive and fearless to human, which is threatening people ' s life significantly. Due to the crocodile tourism, crocodiles are more familiar with boats and attracted by boats, further more, more humans were killed by crocodiles than before. According to the news, in 2014, saltwater crocodiles killed four Territorians in the Northern Territory, which is almost one-fifth of the total 21 people killed since 1974(NT News, 2014). The crocodile tourism has pushed not only natives closer to the dangerous but also backpackers. There were 31 victims on the list since 1990, all of them were killed by crocodiles in Australia, and there were many tragedies have not been recorded(C. Garry, 2011). The reasons why crocodiles attack human are multiple, which include territory defense, nest defense, self defense, food and by accident(C. Garry, 2011). To be more specific, crocodile is ec tothermic which means cold blood. They always become active when temperature increase, because they depends on solar energy. However, people are also prefer to travel during the warm period. Thus, season also could be summed as a factor(H. Melissa, 2015). Indeed, there are many factors result in crocodile attack, but , the core reason is the development of crocodile tourism and human ' s improper behaviors, over feeding and habitat lose changed crocodile ' s habits. Meanwhile, with the development of crocodile tourism, there are more chance for human to approach crocodile which means the situation could be worse in the future. Consider again The crocodile attack is not only threatening human ' s life, but also itself. Revenge kills are common in any place. According to the news report, in 2014, a African man killed crocodile after one month when his family was killed by crocodiles (H. Melissa, 2015). Further more, crocodile attack makes crocodile get a really bad reputation, which makes many innocent crocodile have been killed. In Australia, after a boy was missing, the authority in Australia issued a shoot-to-kill order on any crocodile bigger than two meters(H. Melissa, 2015). Thus, the bad reputation have put crocodile into a really dangerous edge. Some of the crocodiles are endangers species such as Philippine and Orinoco crocodile. However, most people do not have the knowledge of the crocodile, they will not consider them as Philippine and Orinoco, the only name of them is crocodile ' , the dangerous killer in the world. Therefore, the crocodile tourism has aggravated contradictions between human and crocodile to some extent. Definition of Stakeholders In order to define the stakeholders, it is better to look through the whole benefit chain in the crocodile tourism. On one hand, as an profitable industry, tourist industry is playing an essential role in Australia economy. According to the rep ort, during the period from 2013 to 2014, tourism has bring $102 billion income to Australia(Annual Report, 2013-14), which is a such big number. In the case, it also mentioned that in the decline trend of tourism industry, crocodile tourism still can remain a successfully number of visitors. So, we can find how much important is crocodile tourism for the tourism operators and the related industries such as hotel and catering industry, even many sole traders rely on the crocodile tourism. On the other hand, tourists also earn

Draft Essay Rough

Draft Essay Rough Draft Essay Rough Draft Essay Rough: Useful Pieces of Advice Do not fall into despair when you switch to a computer in order to start up your draft essay rough and you see nothing except blank computer screen. Each writer starts his or her writing from this very stage and with the same kind of despair. Of course, you may get thousands of some other desires such as to go for a walk with your dog or to clean your refrigerator, for example, just in order to postpone the process of writing, however, the only way to get rid of these desires and to make yourself working is to start your draft essay rough write immediately. Of course, it is very difficult to start your work from the very beginning when there is nothing written concerning the topic of your assignment yet. However, until you start up the campaign of draft essay rough writing, you will never succeed in coping with your assignment: Do Not Hesitate To Start Writing Take a long breath and start writing. Remember that you do not have to write a perfect draft essay rough from the first time. If your deadline does not face you, you can take your time and rewrite your draft essay rough for several times until you like it. There is no any rush when the deadline is far away from you, that is why it is recommended not to drag things out and to start dealing with your draft essay rough at that very moment when you have received such a task. After you have written draft essay rough and you liked it, do not think that this is the end of your work. If you really want to succeed in your draft essay rough writing, proofread it and correct all the existing mistakes. You see if your draft essay rough is written in a perfect way, however, it includes some of grammar mistakes you will never receive a high grade for your task completing. Rough Draft Is Not The Final Version! Do not waste a lot of time to choose the words for draft essay writing. As a rule, when a person starts worrying for his or her lexis or grammar from the very beginning of writing, it becomes very difficult for him or her to complete this work, as he or she makes different corrections and insertions all the time and does not have an opportunity to proceed with work. Write down all the thoughts you have, you will have an opportunity to edit them later. We hope our pieces of advice will help you in your own draft essay rough writing. Read more: Psychology Papers Problem and Solution Essay Merchant of Venice Critical Essay Jane Eyre Essay How to Make a Reaction Paper

Unit 6 Proposal Designs Assignment Research Paper

Unit 6 Proposal Designs Assignment - Research Paper Example Most of the people live a sedimentary lifestyle and lack of physical fitness programs in the area worseness the situation even more. The organization intends to serve the entire community without excluding anyone both men and women and children and elderly (Zlowodzki, JÃ ¶nsson, Kregor, & Bhandari, 2007). The fact that the majority of people are middle income earns with only a few wealthy, and the rest are low income earns explains the reason as to why they are facing the problem listed above. Most people live in a sedimentary lifestyle especially the elderly. No emphasize has been attached to health and fitness among the residents. The issues of obesity and other health related problems like high blood pressure, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes issues that people are facing is attributed to lack of physical fitness programs in the area. Limited resources and poor access to care and services aggravate the situation. Lack of stable sources of income due to the high unemployment rate among the residents is also an attribute. The provision of a physical fitness program will help solve the problems encountered accountability (Karsh & Fox, 2009). Obesity and overweight concerns affect the way of life of the people. Most of the elderly people in the area suffer obesity related problems like hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. They spend much of their income seeking health care, which majority cannot afford. The teenagers who are suffering from overweight related issues face a lot of stigmas in a social gathering and at school. Many people taunt and poke obese people to make fun of them. They cannot perform a similar task as other people can. This causes mental and emotional problems to the children and result to poor performance especially in school. Obesity is associated with an unproductive life creating a lot of fear and anxiety to the victims. The psychological trauma that the people face makes them live with a lot of fear and

Strategic management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 5

Strategic management - Essay Example Running an advert for a new project is significant before embarking in the real project. Therefore, vital control measures play a major role. Again, if the implementation is not executed according to plan, the company will not attain its desired goals. Strategic surveillance is essential for observing events in and out of a business that have a high potential of affecting the strategy. This is done by carrying out market research, utilizing past information, attending business meetings and tracking social networking sites. When a small business is planning to establish a new project, it is important for it to analyze literature in the relevant field to avoid making the wrong decision (Stephen, Lakhani, Brown & Malmi, 2008). On the other hand, special alert control refers to a thorough and speedy reassessment of a company’s strategy following a sudden event. For example, when an investor acquires a company’s competitor, it demands for immediate reassessment of the strategy because the investor could be planning to position the competitor so that it can achieve a competitive advantage. Surveillance control only predicts on potential risks while special alert control works to correct the predicted occurrence. Implementa tion control ensures that any established strategy whether meets the expected threshold. Operational control and assessment are essential in every business organization. The operations determine the possible outcome in the end. This means that high operational cost will lead to lesser profits hence the need to incorporate time, budgets and success factors in operations control and evaluation. Operations management ensures that proper designing, planning and control of production process is attained so that the business targets are met (Pearce & Robinson, 2011). Budgets are essential in establishing whether the operations are going beyond the manageable levels. Budgets

The strategies of advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The strategies of advertising - Essay Example To come up with the Assessments, you have first to consider the risks and opportunities. Some additional things to consider are the future expectations, expected competitions and the consumer attitudes. The second part: action entails what should be done about the opportunities and issues related to the assessment. For instance, the action that is to be taken with respect to technological trends, media and competition. Precisely, to address all these issues of advertising, you should make use of the product brand, its direct market and social media podia. Now this article is based on the Commercial: Men’s men and Women’s women; Acura Integra. And this is an advertisement that mainly entails the advertisement of gender televisions and commercials for instance a quoted by Steve Craig in pg. 57, â€Å"Large advertisers and their agencies have evolved the pseudo-scientific method of time purchasing based on demographics, with the age and sex of the consumer generally consi dered to be the most important predictors of purchasing behaviour† (Craig, p57). Strategies involve campaigns designed by the business to inspire potential customers to buy a product. These strategies are aimed at targeting the audience perceived to be most probably out of the populace to buy the product. Advertising strategies entail elements like price points, geographic settings, and perceived demographics of the customers, special offers and advertising media like websites, television, or billboards used to display the product. Considering our main Commercial: Men’s men and Women’s women, a gender television and commercial, we relate them to a specific drink for instance beer. It is clear that those particular ads that display beer as a guy drink and associates it’s drinking to only guys who like fishing trips, girls and bars, are missing the point (Barthel, p58). Quite the reverse, both genders can get themselves some weight after drinking this

Homosexual marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homosexual marriage - Essay Example Same-sex marriage first became a reality in America in the year 2004, when the Supreme Court in Massachusetts actually ruled that it was necessary under the equal protections clause of the states Constitution. Connecticut in reality began permitting same-sex marriages in the fall of 2009. In April 2009, Iowas Supreme Court ruled in favor of permitting same-sex couples to marry, also giving advocates an important first victory in the nations heartland and thwarting the notion that only the Northeast will permit it. 7 April 2009 the Vermont Legislature made the difference. â€Å"Jim Douglass veto of a bill permitting gay couples to marry, mustering precisely enough votes to conserve the measure. This step made Vermont the first state to actually permit same-sex marriage through legislative action instead of the ruling of court.† (Boswell, John) Two more states--New Hampshire and New Jersey--recognize civil unions for same-sex couples; an intermediate step that supporters say has made same-sex marriage seem less scary. New England remains pivotal in same-sex marriage movement, with a campaign under way that will extend marriage rights to gay men and lesbians in all six of the regions states by 2012. The meaning of marriage gets completely redefined when two men marry each other and the same has become an issue that has come to the limelight. Gay marriage is a serious threat and it challenges the nature too and this is because two men can never reproduce and take their generation forward. They can adopt a child but they can never fulfill the gap left, that gap can only be fulfilled by a mother. The divorce rates are extremely high when two men or women marry each other and research goes to prove it. Heterosexual divorces are much less than homosexual divorces and this is another reason why people oppose gay marriages. Gay marriages have also come under intense scrutiny with regard to the tradition that the world has been following for many years. When

English Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

English - Assignment Example The president further reminds Americans that they are the people who are represented in the chamber and makes the state of the Union. This received strong applause because the audience felt the sense of belonging. Obama points out at the outcome of the great effort put by Americans such as low unemployment rate in over five years, rebounding housing market and the reduction of deficit. This attracts attention of the audience who feel that they are part of the success and that their achievements are appreciated. Obama received cheers and round of applause from the audience because they were reminded of their achievements and told that they would take America to greater heights above the current position of America in terms of trade (Forbes Staff Web). Obama further urges everyone in the chamber to take charge and avoid resentful argument that may hinder implementation of basic functions in the American democracy. He explains that if their differences may promote the underperformance of the government then the chamber is not doing the best thing. Obama asserted his commitment to making America work better and rebuilds the Americans trust. He challenges everyone in the chamber to take part in improving the welfare of Americans. The president told the chamber that their actions should provide opportunity for all Americans regardless of their social status. Obama acknowledges some of the challenges facing America such as increase in inequality and the fact that most Americans just work to get by and many are also unemployed. He points out at the need to reverse the negative trends and informs the chamber that they will never agree on everything. The president makes practical proposals of moving the country forward by creating opportunities. He promises to work with everyone in the chamber to steer the growth of and development of the country. He describes a few examples such as education opportunities, work ethics and encourages businesses to invest and

Homosexual marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Homosexual marriage - Essay Example Same-sex marriage first became a reality in America in the year 2004, when the Supreme Court in Massachusetts actually ruled that it was necessary under the equal protections clause of the states Constitution. Connecticut in reality began permitting same-sex marriages in the fall of 2009. In April 2009, Iowas Supreme Court ruled in favor of permitting same-sex couples to marry, also giving advocates an important first victory in the nations heartland and thwarting the notion that only the Northeast will permit it. 7 April 2009 the Vermont Legislature made the difference. â€Å"Jim Douglass veto of a bill permitting gay couples to marry, mustering precisely enough votes to conserve the measure. This step made Vermont the first state to actually permit same-sex marriage through legislative action instead of the ruling of court.† (Boswell, John) Two more states--New Hampshire and New Jersey--recognize civil unions for same-sex couples; an intermediate step that supporters say has made same-sex marriage seem less scary. New England remains pivotal in same-sex marriage movement, with a campaign under way that will extend marriage rights to gay men and lesbians in all six of the regions states by 2012. The meaning of marriage gets completely redefined when two men marry each other and the same has become an issue that has come to the limelight. Gay marriage is a serious threat and it challenges the nature too and this is because two men can never reproduce and take their generation forward. They can adopt a child but they can never fulfill the gap left, that gap can only be fulfilled by a mother. The divorce rates are extremely high when two men or women marry each other and research goes to prove it. Heterosexual divorces are much less than homosexual divorces and this is another reason why people oppose gay marriages. Gay marriages have also come under intense scrutiny with regard to the tradition that the world has been following for many years. When

The Legacy Admissions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Legacy Admissions - Essay Example The first argument in favor of legacy admissions raised by Thomas and Shepard (2008) has been that if a student inside a state is given preference in admission to an educational institution inside the state, just because his family pays the taxes that sustain the institution, on the same logic, it can be argued that legacy preferences are permissible (p.221). But is the payment of taxes which is obligatory for all citizens and which cannot be skipped even if your student does not get an admission in a college inside your state, comparable to the payment of a donation for a legacy admission? This is the million dollar question here. It is common sense that the element of choice is present only in the case of a legacy admission and the tax payer has no such choice. And also the payment of taxes makes it obligatory for the state to take care of the tax payers’ welfare. Further, even a student from an affluent family has the same right as his/her family is also paying tax. Hence, though convincing on first encounter, it can be seen that the comparison is flawed. And it is to this aspect that Megalli (2008) is also drawing attention to, when she pointed out, with supportive evidence, this practice will eventually lead to discrimination (p.230). And the evidence has also shown that â€Å"96 percent of all living Ivy League alumni are white† (Megalli, 2008, p.230).     The second major case in the article of Thomas and Shepard (2008) that legacy admissions amount to only a very small percentage of total admissions has also been contested by Megalli (2008) with the support of factual data. But while Thomas and Shepard (2008) have pointed out the comparatively less number of institutions where competition is so high that legacy admissions matter (p.222), Megalli (2008) has made a comparison between the percentage of all applications accepted and the percentage of legacy applications accepted in various ducational institutions and shown a disparity is t here (p.230). But both these sets of figures represent only convenient manipulation and partial presentation of data to support one’s argument.

Summer Project Essay Example for Free

Summer Project Essay This is to certify that Mr. Chandan Kumar (Reg. No. 11382017) a student of MBA – International Business, 2011 – 2013 batch has successfully completed his internship training at Lumbini Beverages Pvt Ltd. , HAJIPUR(BIHAR). His period of training was MARCH-APRIL. He has prepared the internship report titled â€Å"A Study on Sales Promotion at PepsiCo† for the requirement of the concern and for Master of Business Administration in International Business program in the Department of International Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Puducherry – 605 014. Dr. Bushan D. Sudhakar Reader, Dept. of Int’l Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Puducherry – 605 014. Dr. P. Sridharan Head of the Department, Dept. of Int’l Business, School of Management, Pondicherry University, Puducherry – 605 014 2|Page CERTIFICATE FROM THE GUIDE This is to certify that the Project Work entitled â€Å" A Study on Sales Promotion at PepsiCo† is a bonafide work of Mr. Chandan Kumar carried out in partial fulfilment for the award of degree of MBA (International Business) of Pondicherry University under my guidance. This project work is original and not submitted earlier for the award of any degree / diploma of any other University / Institution. Signature of the Guide (Name and Official address of the Guide) Place:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Date:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3|Page STUDENT’S DECLARTION I, Mr. Chandan Kumar hereby declare that the Project Work entitled â€Å"A Study on Sales Promotion at PepsiCo† is the original work done by me and submitted to the Pondicherry university in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of Master of Business Administration in International Business is a record of original work done by me under the supervision of Dr. Bushan D. Sudhakar, Reader, Department of International Business, School of Management. Signature of Student Date:†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4|Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It is well established fact that behind every achievement lays on unfathomable sea of gratitude to those who have extended their support without whom the project would never have come into existence. I now take the opportunity to thank Mr. N. K. Prasad, HR Manager, Lumbini Beverages Pvt Ltd. , who granted me the permission to undergo training in this prestigious organization. I would extend special thanks to Mr. Anish Kumar, Sales Executive, under whose guidance and support I was able to complete this project. During the entire period of my training, I received endless held, support and cooperation from all the employees of the organization. I think my report would be incomplete if I do not convey my grateful thanks to them. I express my sincere thanks to Dr. Prahakar Raya, DEAN, School Of Management and along with him I express my humble and sincere thanks to our Department Head, Dr. P. SRIDHARAN, Department of International Business, School Of Management for their guidance and support throughout this project. With deep sense of gratitude, I acknowledge my sincere thanks to Dr. Bushan D. Sudhakar who has always been a source of inspiration to me and constantly implanted his useful guidelines, experience and provided his valuable time in the completion of this project. Although it is difficult to say that I have achieved what I wanted to present, but within the circumstances and various limiting factors, I have tried to give my best. 5|Page EXECUTIVE SUMMARY PepsiCo is a world leader in a convenient food and beverages with revenues of more than $45 billion and more than 1, 60, 000 employees. The company consists of Frito-lay North America, PepsiCo Beverages North America, PepsiCo International and Quaker Foods North America. PepsiCo brands are available in nearly 200 countries and territories and generate sells and the retail level of about $85 billion. PepsiCo is the world’s premier Consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. This project work entitled â€Å"A study on sales promotion of PepsiCo†, was done to become familiar with the working of PepsiCo (LUMBINI BEVERAGES PVT LTD) and to know the strategies used by PepsiCo in the sales promotion. The important objectives of the project were to find out: what are the various types of promotional strategies used in marketing, in which way the strategies are implemented, what is the market share of the company, which promotional strategy is used most, what is the impact of sales promotion during off season, how retailers react to new sales promotions, what are the various tools that the company uses during sales promotion, and which type of promotional offers retailers prefer etc. The project is entirely based on my observations made during the two months spent at lumbini beverages pvt ltd and visits to various markets of Hajipur. Based on my learning and experience, I have made some suggestions to improve the sales promotion activity and services. 6|Page INDEX Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Statement of problem 1. 3 Objectives of the study 1. 4 Scope of the study 1. 5 Need of the study 1. 6 Research methodology 1. 7 Limitation of study Chapter – 2. 1 . COMPANY AND INDUSTRY PROFILE 9-10 10 11 11 12 12-14 15 16-40 41-49 51-66 68 69-70 71 72 73-75 2. 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Chapter-III. ANALYSIS INTERPRETAION Chapter-IV. 4. 1. FINDINS 4. 2. B. SUGGESTIONS 4. 3CONCLUSION 4. 4 BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX:QUESTIONAIRE 7|Page CHAPTER- 1 1. 1 Introduction 1. 2 Statement of problem 1. 3 Objectives of the study 1. 4 Scope of the study 1. 5 Need of the study 1. 6 Research methodology 1. 7 Limitation of study 8|Page 1. 1 Introduction: In the present day world, either there is mass production or ill anticipation of demand, there is always a pressing need for intermediaries of one type or the other, for enabling the goods to reach the ultimate consumer. The purpose is to sell everything that is produced. However, it is really difficult for the producer to undertake the sales or distribution of goods directly to the consumers all by themselves. There for, the responsibility or distribution is undertaken by a number of intermediaries who are often termed as channel or distribution. Sales transfer for ownership from the company within the customers, exchange of goods and services. Sales and distribution is a part of marketing and product design according to the need of customers. Sales and distribution is a primary involvement of transfer of goods and services from the company to the customers. Selling emphasizes in selling the securable surplus available with company i. e. selling quantity convert Product into Cost using trend and techniques of shifting customer to part with the cost. Thus, a salesman introduces the goods to the customer, Interest and persuades them to purchase the goods and finalize the deals of the product. So, the primary objective of sales and distribution is to assist the producer in marketing the goods and services one hand and to satisfy the demand of the consumers on the others. Channel of distribution helps the consumer in providing good of right quantity at the right time, right place and at the right price. 9|Page SourcesThe main sources of the Sales and Distribution is to reach through the channel. Every channel contains one or more transfer point where there is either an institution or a final buyer. In other words, legal ownership of the product changes hands at least once or the producer sales directly to the final buyer and there is no intervening of middlemen Selecting a channel for sales and distribution for their product is one of the important problems faced by manufacturers of PEPSICO It is quite difficult to identity a specific channel which can be considered as the best. There for, each producer most carefully select a channel which will suit his requirement and bring the best result to the firm. The channel of distribution can broadly be divided into two categories i. e. Direct and Indirect. Under direct channel of sales and distribution, manufacturer sells directly to the consumers, without any middlemen, whereas under indirect channel of sales and distribution, producer sells through various middlemen like wholesalers, agents, retailers, etc. This is the shortest channel a producer can adopt for sales and distribution of goods and services. In this system, goods move directly from the producer to the consumers without any middlemen or a merchant. 1. 2 Statement of Problem: The first and foremost step in the problem identification in Sales Promotion. research process consists of Here statement of problem is to know the Sales Promotion activities towards brands. 10 | P a g e 1. 3 OBJECTIVE OF STUDY This study was conducted on â€Å"A study of â€Å"Sales Promotion’ activities of PEPSICO for different retail outlets of Hajipur†. The specific objectives of the study are1. To find out the promotional activities of PEPSICO. 2. To know the distribution channel of PEPSICO. 3. To find out the market share of PEPSICO. against its competitor. 4. To find out the influence of medium of advertisements of PEPSICO. on different age group 1. 4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY This study was done in Hajipur at LUMBINI BEVERAGES PVT LTD. The geographical scope of my survey was limited to Hajipur only. Study aims at relationship between Company Executives and retailers and why any retailer sold particular brand only. The survey covers a wide range of activities and factors, which influence the retailers to sell PEPSICO. Products. The sample of 80 respondents is taken to represent total retails of Hajipur Zone. The validity of the findings of this survey is limited to the period during which the field survey was conducted i. e. eight weeks. 11 | P a g e 1. 5 NEED OF STUDY The eight weeks Summer Training is very important for a student of MBA. This type of study gives some practical knowledge to MBA students and practical knowledge is more useful than theoretical knowledge for any one.

Rhythmic Contractions And Relaxation Of Isolated Gut

Rhythmic Contractions And Relaxation Of Isolated Gut The isolated gut has a spontaneous activity with rhythmic contractions and relaxation of its smooth muscles. Various drugs that affect the smooth muscles by either direct or indirect stimulation were used (Day Vane 1963). These drugs were acetylcholine, atropine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and d-tubocurarine. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter (Martini 2009, p. 304) that is released by a neuron and acts directly on the plasma membrane of another cell, in this case smooth muscles. It affects both the muscarinic and nicotinic receptors located on the smooth muscle membrane (Broadley Kelly 2001). The effects of acetylcholine on the muscarinic receptors can be identified by another drug, atropine (Broadley Kelly 2001). Atropine is an alkaloid found in several plants (Broadley Kelly 2001) and inhibits binding of acetylcholine to post synaptic membrane of smooth muscle cells (Martini 2009, p. 425). Adrenaline and noradrenaline are hormones released from the suprarenal glands and induce relaxation of the smooth muscles by binding to the adrenergic receptors. They are called catecholamines because of their structure (shown in figure 1). D-tubocurarine is an alkaloid drug derived from curare and is a neuromuscular nicotinic receptor antagonist1. It prevents acetylcholine from binding to the postsynaptic membrane of muscle fibres (martini 2009, p. 425). AIM The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of acetylcholine, atropine, adrenaline, noradrenaline and d-tubocurarine on the smooth muscles of the gut. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials Transducer Heater Heat exchanger chart recorder experimental tissue (rat intestine) organ bath with carbogen-bubbled Krebs Henseleit solution at 37ËÅ ¡C drugs used in the experiment were: 1 mg/mL acetylcholine 1 mg/mL atropine 1 g/mL adrenaline 1mg/mL noradrenaline 1 mg/mL d-tubocurarine Methods At the start of the experiment, the transducer was calibrated using weights to allow conversion of the amount of displacement of the intestine into electrical signals which are then recorded. The amount of movement measured corresponds to the type of drug added. The experimental rat tissue that was dissected previously was supported in a 100 mL organ bath containing carbogen-bubbled Krebs Henseleit solution at 37ËÅ ¡C aerated with a mixture of 95% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. The tissue was anchored to the device that applied force to stretch the muscle until a steady rate of contraction was obtained. The force of contraction was then measured and converted to electrical signals which were recorded by the chart recorder. Some equilibration time was allowed for the preparation to stabilise its activity in the organ bath before starting the experiment. The smooth muscles of the tissue had spontaneous activity before the administration of any drug. The exact concentration and volu me of the drugs administered were then calculated to obtain the right concentration. A volume of 0.1ml of 1mg/mL of acetylcholine was first administered to the muscles and its effects were recorded. The organ bath was drained and refilled so as to resume its baseline activity. Three increments of 0.025 ml of 1mg/mL atropine were added to the organ bath periodically to see its effect on the smooth muscles. Another dose of 0.5 mL of 1mg/mL acetylcholine was added into the organ bath without draining and refilling. The effects were then observed on the chart recorder. The organ bath was drained and refilled again. 0.1mL of 1gm/mL adrenaline was added to the water bath. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.1mL of 1mg/ml noradrenaline was added to the organ bath. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.5mL of 1mg/mL acetylcholine was added and the effects were observed. The organ bath was again drained and refilled. 0.025 mL of 1 mg/mL d-tubocurarine was added to the water bath and the effects were recorded. Lastly without draining the organ bath, two increments of 0.5ml of 1mg/mL of acetylcholine was added at regular intervals and its effect was recorded. RESULTS Calculation of the volume of the drugs used: acetylcholine Original concentration C:Documents and Settings7168241Local SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word22032011079.jpg Figure 1: Experiment setup Table 1: Effect of the drugs administered on the smooth muscles of the gut Drug administered Effect on smooth muscle observed. Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and amplitude increased Atropine Decrease in contraction rate- muscle relaxes Decrease in amplitude, tone and frequency Adrenaline Large decrease in amplitude Effect was very strong ( alpha and beta receptors on smooth muscles) Noradrenaline Small decrease in amplitude ( it has alpha receptors) Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and amplitude increased D-tubocurarine No effect as the muscle tone remained constant Acetylcholine Increase in contraction rate Conductance and large increase in amplitude when first dose was added and slight decrease in the amplitude when second dose was added DISCUSSION The muscle had spontaneous activity before the addition of the drugs. They were self excitatory and depolarized without the addition of any drugs. WHY As observed in table 1, acetylcholine increased the rate of contraction in the smooth muscles. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released at the neurojunction of the nerve and the smooth muscles. Contraction of the smooth muscle achieved is due to acetylcholines effect on membrane permeability via the second messengers since it cant enter the cells interior. Acetylcholine binds to the muscarinic receptors and causes GTP binding to the alpha subunit of the G-protein. The GTP-bound alpha subunit activates the production of the second messengers by activating phosphoinosidase C (PIC). PIC hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-biphosphate which then forms inositol 1, 4, 5-triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG). IP3 and DAG bind to the receptors on the sarcoplasm reticulum and cause the release of calcium ions into the intracellular f luid to initiate contraction of the muscle (Broadley Kelly 2001). Acetylcholine also causes the contraction of the smooth muscles by depolarizing the membrane directly via the nicotinic receptors. As seen in the table 1, adding atropine to the water bath caused decrease in the amplitude of the stimulus. This is due to the fact that atropine is a reversible competitive antagonist for acetylcholine at the muscarinic receptors. It has no effect on its binding on nicotinic receptors (Evers Maze 2004). It prevents acetylcholine that has built up at the neuromuscular junction from binding to the receptors and depolarizing the post synaptic membrane thus preventing the generation of an impulse in the cell. Acetylcholine produces a response when it binds to the receptors whereas atropine binds to the same receptors as acetylcholine without producing a response. It just makes the receptors unavailable for acetylcholine (Abel 1974, p.106). When another dose of acetylcholine was added to the water bath, the amplitude is seen increasing to a lower intensity than before atropine was added and transmission is restored and the muscle begins to contract. This is due to the fact that this new dose of acetylcholine displaces atropine from the receptors since it is a reversible antagonist. When adrenaline was added to the organ bath, the amplitude dropped by a large amount due to its combination with alpha and beta receptors on the smooth muscle. When noradrenaline was administered, the amplitude decreased was a small amount compared to the large drop in adrenaline. This small response obtained due to addition of noradrenaline is due to its sensitivity to alpha receptors only. Combination of noradrenaline with alpha receptors increases the K efflux and influx in depolarized smooth muscle (Bulbring 1970, p.286). This increase in K conductance caused an increase in membrane permeability and inhibited depolarization. Adrenaline caused the relaxation of the smooth muscles coupled with hyperpolarization of the membrane as a result of increase of potassium ions. The action of the sympathetic transmitters; adrenaline and noradrenaline involved direct action via the alpha and bet a receptors (Paton Vizi 1969). Acetylcholine added again resulted in high increase in the amplitude, which decreased gradually. D-tubocurarine added to the organ bath had no effect on the contraction of the muscle as it maintained a constant tone. Lastly the acetylcholine added resulted in an increase in the amplitude. This observation agreed with the expected result. It was expected for the amplitude to be constant since there wasnt any acetylcholine in the organ bath for d-tubocurarine to replace. A spike in the amplitude was observed when acetylcholine was added. Acetylcholine replaced d-tubocurarine from the nicotinic receptors and restores the transmission of the stimulus2. This shows that the neuromuscular transmission block produced by d-tubocurarine is abolished when acetylcholine is added (Bradley 1989, p.47). CONCLUSION It was found that both adrenaline and noradrenaline affect the smooth muscles via alpha and beta receptors and produce a similar effect that is relaxation. Adrenaline is more potent than noradrenaline since it utilizes both alpha and beta receptors while the other one only affects beta receptors. Acetylcholine is an excitatory neurotransmitter that causes contraction of smooth muscles via both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. Atropine is a competitive antagonist of acetylcholine on the muscarinic receptors. D-tubocurarine is a mu

Censorship - Banning Books :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Literature has long been an important part of human life. We express our feelings with ink and paper; we spill out our souls on dried wood pulp. Writing has been form of release and enjoyment since the beginning of written language. You can tell a story, make yourself a hero. You can live out all your fantasies. You can explore all of your thoughts, feelings, and emotions, and share them with the outside world. But just because you can write, don't think you are uninhibited! It doesn't matter who you are. If you write a book, paper, or other work of choice, somebody is going to contest you. Some one isn't going to like what you have to say, and they will try to cause a stir. Don't try to deal with issues of racism, sexism, murder, sexuality, etc. That will only get you banned, barred, or burned. Controversy is a trigger for argument, so if you write about something controversial, people will have something to say about it. It doesn't matter whom the book was written for, about, or by. For example, you can't write about racism in America. We don't have any of THAT, do we!? I remember well my ex-boyfriend reading Of Mice and Men. It was required reading for his Senior English class. However, in the 1990's, this book was challenged and banned in many schools across the country. The book deals with a mentally challenged man who kills some one, and, in the end, is killed himself by his "best friend." And don't think the language was overlooked! All kids love the "Harry Potter" series. But they don't know that by reading it they are "indulging in sinful and Godless acts" or that these books are putting them on the fastest train to Hell. I own A Clockwork Orange, Lord of the Flies, To Kill a Mockingbird, Twelfth Night, and Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, all of which have been or are banned. What's going on here? The most frequently challenged and/or banned books in 2001 were: ? The Harry Potter series, by J.K. Rowling, for its focus on wizardry and magic. ? Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, for using offensive language and being unsuited to age group. Censorship - Banning Books :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays Literature has long been an important part of human life. We express our feelings with ink and paper; we spill out our souls on dried wood pulp. Writing has been form of release and enjoyment since the beginning of written language. You can tell a story, make yourself a hero. You can live out all your fantasies. You can explore all of your thoughts, feelings, and emotions, and share them with the outside world. But just because you can write, don't think you are uninhibited! It doesn't matter who you are. If you write a book, paper, or other work of choice, somebody is going to contest you. Some one isn't going to like what you have to say, and they will try to cause a stir. Don't try to deal with issues of racism, sexism, murder, sexuality, etc. That will only get you banned, barred, or burned. Controversy is a trigger for argument, so if you write about something controversial, people will have something to say about it. It doesn't matter whom the book was written for, about, or by. For example, you can't write about racism in America. We don't have any of THAT, do we!? I remember well my ex-boyfriend reading Of Mice and Men. It was required reading for his Senior English class. However, in the 1990's, this book was challenged and banned in many schools across the country. The book deals with a mentally challenged man who kills some one, and, in the end, is killed himself by his "best friend." And don't think the language was overlooked! All kids love the "Harry Potter" series. But they don't know that by reading it they are "indulging in sinful and Godless acts" or that these books are putting them on the fastest train to Hell. I own A Clockwork Orange, Lord of the Flies, To Kill a Mockingbird, Twelfth Night, and Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, all of which have been or are banned. What's going on here? The most frequently challenged and/or banned books in 2001 were: ? The Harry Potter series, by J.K. Rowling, for its focus on wizardry and magic. ? Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck, for using offensive language and being unsuited to age group.

Ethnic differences essay Essay

?Asses the claim that â€Å"ethnic differences in educational achievement are primarily the result of school factors† Most studies found that overall ethnic minorities tend to do less well than other members of the population when it comes to educational achievement. Many factors which occur inside the school are the cause of educational achievement however other factors contribute. The expectations of teachers on ethnic minorities have caused differences in educational achievement. Bernard Coard believes that teachers expect â€Å"Black† children to fail therefore labelling the child as a failure. Interactionalists are concerned with how teachers â€Å"pigeonhole† students this is the labelling theory, this is where the teacher makes a judgement of the child based on the child’s appearance, behaviour, previous family members and relationships with other students. However most labels are based on stereotypes rather than evidence, the reality is that once a label starts it is difficult to get rid of and this can cause problems for a student’s educational achievement. Teachers will discuss the students label in the staff room and other teachers will attach the same label to the child and this can lead to the child not being allowed to attend school trips. If a student is labelled as a failure by a teacher then the teacher is likely to put the student into a lower tier exam thus the pupil can only achieve a maximum of a grade C and can’t achieve to the best of their ability. When a student is labelled as a failure the student can begin to believe that the label is true and begin to make it part of their part of their identity, become a failure this is known as the self-fulfilling prophecy thus creating ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. David Hardgreves argues that anti school sub cultures can be formed as a result of negative labelling. However Maureen Stone and Swann both indicate that those who are labelled may not accept their labels. However many sociologists argue that it is external factors that affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Cultural Deprivation is the term used to describe serious inadequacies in the socialisation process and its effects on educational achievement. Poor parenting means children underachieving in education. Many sociologists argue that ethnic minorities tend to be more fatalistic meaning that parents tend to have low aspirations and expectations for their child meaning less emphasis is placed on doing well in education. Whereas â€Å"White† middle classes would have high aspirations and high expectations. Socialisation focuses on the values, expectations and norms transmitted from parents to children. Children from Ethnic backgrounds tend to focus on immediate gratification where they try to reep their rewards at the earliest opportunity such as leaving school at 16 to earn money. Whereas â€Å"White† middle class children aim for a bright future described as deferred gratification which is putting off short term rewards to gain better rewards in the future. Cultural Deprivation can affect the way parents prepare their children for school. Working class children would sit and watch T. V. whereas middle class parents would take their children to museums. Driver and Ballard state that high achievement in Asian groups may be linked to the fact that they live in close knit families that can help each other. Price highlighted a high rate of single parent families in black Caribbean communities which may explain high underachievement. Nevertheless, some sociologists argue that it is internal factors which affect ethnic differences in educational achievement. Institutional Racism within schools can lead to educational achievement and the differences it causes within ethnic minorities. The â€Å"Swann report† found that a small number of teachers are consciously racist however there are a great deal of teachers who are â€Å"unintentionally† racist. Bernard Coard states that the British educational system makes children become educationally subnormal he states that â€Å"West Indian children are told that their language is second rate and unacceptable† he states that within the British educational system the word â€Å"White† is associated with â€Å"good† and the word â€Å"Black† with evil. Coard also states that the attitudes portrayed in the classroom are reinforced by the pupils outside of the classroom. Many sociologists would also argue that the mispronunciation of student’s names and not learning them can be classed as racism within the school system. Cecile Wright found that majority of staff are committed to ideals of equality but despite these ideals there are still considerable amounts of discrimination in the classroom. Asian children were often excluded from discussions and teachers expressed an â€Å"open disapproval of their customs and traditions†, these comments from teachers made Asian children feel more isolated from other pupils. Martin Hammersley found that racist comments in the staffroom did not lead to racism in the classroom. J. Taylor found that â€Å"most teachers are concerned to have a fair policy towards the treatment of black pupils†. Mac an Ghaill studied 25 afro Caribbean and Asian students studying A levels. He found that â€Å"although they disagreed over the extent of racism within education, this did not directly determine their attitude to education and their levels of academic success. The way that students responded to schooling varied and this was influenced by their ethnic group†. This could eventually lead to the formation of anti-school sub cultures. These are pupils who have rejected some or all of the values and rules set down in the school ethos. Peter Woods identified 8 different groups ranging from Ingratiation total conformity to Rebellion outright rejection of school rules and values. This can cause ethnic differences in educational achievement within the school system. However other factors such as linguistic skills affect this achievement. Linguistic Deprivation is the ability to use appropriate language which is an important factor in educational success. Bernstein came up with two codes of language Restricted and Elaborate codes. The Restricted code is used in casual situations. This is limited vocabulary and Simplistic grammar which can only be understood if you are aware of this topic. The Elaborate code is used in formal situations. This is sophisticated grammar and vocabulary and can be understood if aware of the topic. Bernstein found that White middle class children had the ability to switch between the two codes whereas children from ethnic minorities were limited to using the restricted code. This means they are severely disadvantaged in education where the language is all formal. In conclusion, it is probable that a number of factors work together in producing the lower levels of achievement found in some ethnic groups. The Swann report concluded that racial discrimination inside and outside school along with social deprivation were probably the main factors. Others would add that cultural factors also play some part in explaining the differences.

Management and Workbook Process Essay

As a leading pioneer in outdoor retailing and a company at the forefront of the movement for environmental sustainability, we write this letter in response to your request to evaluate your current Workbook Process and appraise the advantages as well as the drawbacks to the system. We are not in favour of the current Workbook Process for reasons that we will list for you. We feel that a company with such a reputation as Patagonia, Inc., needs to adopt a less sophisticated but progressive system. MAIN FINDINGS With the research we carried out it was very clear and apparent to us that the Workbook Process was ineffective. However, it did open up communication among employees, and it also encouraged employees to share their ideas with some upper level management. We do feel that the process can be improved upon. OVERVIEW OF THE WORKBOOK PROCESS The Patagonia Workbook Process in our view was designed to make information about the company’s planning, budgeting and quality improvement flow more fluently amongst all the employees. The Process was also designed to encourage the employees to take a more active role in the company’s planning, operating review and decision making process. We will start our analysis by critiquing and listing what we feel are major concerns of the workbook process. CONCERNS OF THE WORKBOOK PROCESS * The Process of sharing information could weaken the managers’ powerbase, because selective disclosure of information can be used to control and to manipulate employees to do their work. * Expensive system because training is required for the employees to learn and to understand the system. In addition, training is time consuming. * The poor deliverance of financial information, due to the fact that some employees did not want to participate in the Process. * The one to two months lag behind of paperwork. Thus information was never relevant for that specific time period. * Large proportion of employees refused to engage in the Process because they found it tedious. * The plan was not accepted by all levels of management. * The Workbook Process focuses mainly on planning in advance for the longer term rather than on a day by day basis. * The Workbook Process had difficulty in judging environment, quality and distribution objectives, which are crucial success factors for Patago nia, Inc. * The Workbook Process is very complex and time consuming. The level of planning and the enormous amount of meetings needed to discuss company plans leaves very little time for constructive work to be done. * The Process could be limiting in the sense that it does not promote innovations; if anything it encourages people to just stick to a set plan and nothing else. * The profit sharing plan that was introduced was not based on merit; it was just allocated in equal percentages of the base salary. On the contrary, the workbook process also has some benefits. Although, the concerns outweigh the benefits, it is for your benefit and to give you a better perspective of the Process. BENEFITS OF THE WORKBOOK PROCESS * The Workbook Process has been significantly embraced amongst the employees at Patagonia, Inc. * A significant amount of the employees feel that the Process is worthwhile and that it has given everyone an opportunity to bond; and also optimized better solutions for the company. * The Workbook Process being a much longer term strategy can detect problems or issues before they arise, which is a more proactive approach, rather than waiting for an issue to arise before it gets attended to. * The Workbook Process gave a chance for employees at the top of the hierarchy a better understanding of what lower ranked employees where up to, therefore it created an atmosphere whereby everyone was interested in what was happening within the company. EVALUATION On the basis of our evaluation, we would like to recommend that Patagonia, Inc. discontinues with the Workbook Process. We are of the view that the Process has served its intended purpose. The Process has worked in the sense that it has educated the employees on how the company operates and how their jobs interface with each other. A control system is applied to ensure that an organization strategy is implemented which is not the case with the Workbook Process. The Workbook Process focuses on long term rather than looking at each scenario as it arises. In looking back at the time dedicated to achieving company objectives is lacking, which we feel is a key component of the future success of the company. A value driver is an objective which can indicate future success. An example would include product design, quality and design, quality and customer service, which are all qualities that Patagonia, Inc. values. MAIN RECOMENDATIONS AND MODIFICATION Our recommended replacement for the Workbook Process is a Balanced Scorecard. A Balanced Scorecard is a less sophisticated and more grounded evaluation method. A Balanced Scorecard not only focuses on financial but also non-financial contributors to the success of the company. Management can set objectives that involve different areas of the business. For example the production and distribution could qualify as efficiency objectives, research and development would focus on innovations, and the human resources would look after the quality of life for the employees. We are of a strong view that these aspects are key elements to the success of the company. The Balanced Scorecard will not guarantee success for Patagonia, Inc. but, we see it as a step in the right direction. The Balanced Scorecard does have some drawbacks as well as advantages. The drawbacks are, a Balanced Scorecard can add a new type of reporting without necessarily improving quality or financial numbers; it could be viewed as a non-value adding report method and a distraction for achieving actual goals. One more disadvantage is that Balanced Scorecard goals are easy to reach but hard to quantify. The advantages of the Balance Scorecard are that, it caters for employees who are both financially and non-financially literate, a Balanced Scorecard is less technical and easier to understand, and the last advantage is that the Balanced Scorecard is less time consuming and will allow workers to focus more on their real tasks. CONCLUSION In concluding, we feel that the time and effort required to keep the Workbook Process operational are too costly. The staff within the organization are only partially committed, which in our view is causing complications with the success of the Workbook Process. The level of training required is exhaustive. The employees who are not financially literate regardless of how much training they receive might never fully grasp the concepts of the Workbook Process. When an organization focuses all its efforts on financial results, other tasks that cannot be measured objectively are neglected. We hope that you will take all of our advice and recommendations into consideration and, we wish you and Patagonia, Inc. all the success in your future endeavours.

Videodrome Movie Analysis

Videodrome Videodrome, directed by David Cronenberg, is a movie setting in Toronto during the early 1980s depicting a television station attempting to broadcast a show of violence and torture named Videodrome. Max Renn, owner of a small-sized television station, learned about a Videodrome, which was broadcasted in Malaysia, just when he wanted a change to the program the station was showing. Max immediately gained interest to the new show and order to start pirating it as he believes that the show would gain popularity quickly.The late 1970s and early 1980s was the time when television gain popularity. It became a social norm to have a television in every room in the house. Television developed into a big part in everyday living, people could not fall asleep without the company of the television. The anxiety slowly rises as with the amount of television people were watching. This anxiety continued to grow as media technology advances. The society then begins to affiliate with videota pe, videocassette, VCR, and etc. It almost got to the point when people would never seem to leave the house again.This movie well reflects the social anxiety of the time. After Max watches the footage of actual torture and murder, he began to see illusions of televisions coming to life. As part of the Videodrome project, he also sees himself as a videocassette recorder with hole in his body as a slot to insert video tape. His brain was controlled. The movie came to a conclusion and emphasis on the anxiety with the murder of Max by a television. With the assist of Videodrome, O’Blivion’s prophesy of television coming to life and takeover would come true.Videodrome is a lethal weapon designed by the government that would broadcast signals to give brain tumor in the viewer. The main purpose is to correct the fixation on softcore pornography and violence in the society, by eliminating those who are drawn in the world of videography. The intention was to let Max see Videodr ome and broadcast to the public. However, the Videodrome project made no exception to Max as he, too, was brainwashed. Max would then go on to kill his colleagues. The death of Max could David Cronenberg reflected the social anxiety in form of a movie.The director is implying the disturbing effect of social disorder brought by the television and other media technology. The director exaggerated the negative contribution brought by the television and media technology for how it has impacted the social norms. It can be said that the director believed intense television viewer should be doomed for their ignorance of the society. The role of the government and its Videodrome project can be interpreted as a representation of what Cronenberg is doing by filming the movie in real life to make a statement of the false effect brought by the increasing popularity of television culture.

End of Module Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

End of Module Project - Assignment Example In 2012, Sony reported a massive loss of 67 billion Yen (Hirai 2012). In 2011, the company reported an even larger loss of 200 billion Yen. Sony is not keeping up the proper pace of innovation in the smartphone industry and with other consumer electronics, allowing companies such as Samsung to seize more market share and gain a reputation for pioneering product development with many different target consumer segments. If Samsung fails to innovate, it will continue to report massive losses and difficulty in recapturing its once-heralded reputation in innovation. Sharp, a major competitor associated with consumer television products, recognises the demand for technological change in its many international markets. Sharp, as a result, recognised that main competition in this industry were not effectively developing 3D television technologies and determined that significant capital investment in R&D would assist in allowing Sharp to capitalise on this innovation. Sharp reported revenues of $24 billion USD in 2011 as a result of 3D television innovations (Sharp 2013). Furthermore, another main competitor, Sharp, is also adept at exploiting technological change in the market in order to pioneer many different consumer electronics products. Sharp recognised that its competitors were not capitalising on 3D television technology and devoted considerable R&D-related resources on this emerging technology. As a result, this firm achieved revenues of nearly 24 billion USD in 2011 (Sharp 2013). Microsoft, the producer of the pioneering gaming console, Xbox, also continues to be a competitive, innovation-focused market threat for Sony. With each new version of the Sony Playstation, the first real innovation for Sony in well over two decades, Microsoft times its launches of its own innovative changes to the Xbox, serving as a brand threat for the Sony Corporation. Furthermore, Microsoft has begun an acquisition strategy to

Behavioral Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques Essay

Behavioral Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques - Essay Example While he was standing in line, my cousin’s wife decided to go around the mall and just meet him somewhere after he was done. Around fifteen minutes after his wife left, my cousin left the bank. He called her on her cellular phone but there was no answer. So, he went to the usual shop he knew she liked. Five minutes later, his phone went off and it was his wife calling from the bank. He tells her to wait for him there. When they meet, he finds out that she had been on her way back to the bank, located on the first level, right after he had gone to the second level to look for her. They tried a newly-opened Italian restaurant for lunch. He got a medium-sized pizza for himself and she had an order of spaghetti. After eating, they headed to the supermarket to buy what they needed for the week. When they were done at the supermarket, they decided to head home so my cousin’s wife could take a nap. On the way home in the car, my cousin’s wife fell asleep and didn’t wake up until they got home. Since she was able to sleep a bit in the car, my cousin’s wife announced that she was making dinner early so she and my cousin could watch a movie at home before going to sleep. My cousin agreed. I think that the structural technique was better in this situation because I did not really want to know anything in particular. In the beginning, I used the traditional technique and asked the WH-questions. (Gosselin, 2007, p. 4-5) This is why I was able to know the date and time of some events. However, unless I asked something, my cousin would not give me additional information. Later on, I switched to the structural technique. This proved to be a lot better. I was still about to get information from my cousin. Moreover, he sensed that I was urging him to continue after his replies so he continued telling me his story. I mostly nodded to show him I understood what he was saying. I also asked follow-up questions which encouraged him to talk more. Since he was very

Write your own topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Write your own topic - Essay Example The basic distinction in views lies in identifying whether poverty is to be measured as a relative or absolute concept. On one side there is an unofficial coalition of government agencies, departments and many private sector organizations who posit their common mandate to be alleviating poverty. This group is in essence socialistic in its support for a highly regulated economy where, significant increases in government spending towards social problems are favoured (Goldberg & Pulkingham, 1999). On the other hand, there is the ‘pro-market’ coalition. This group is populated by both government and private sector agencies and institutions which converge towards a primary objective of promoting business in Canada and increasing trade between Canada and other nations. The ‘pro-business’ group supports a much less regulated economy and may be classified as political and fiscal conservatives who favour much less spending by the government on social issues and decreased taxation (Ligaya, 2007). The difference among these groups regarding the notion of poverty and its measurement finds its source in the way poverty is defined and measured by each of these groups. The first group assumes income to be the defining quality and arrives at a set of poverty lines for both individuals and families for different regions. As an example, the poverty line was set to be $33,365 for a family of four persons living in Toronto in 2004. Thus, families with similar characteristics whose pre-tax income was less than the foresaid amount were said to be living in poverty (Pohl, 2002). The second coalition, the ‘pro business’ group, contradicts the first group by describing their measures to be too broad to be pragmatic and thus deducing that, the set poverty lines resulting from the measures are inflated; thereby exaggerating condition of poverty in Canada. This group adopts a definition of poverty which is more restrictive and their means of measuring poverty

As You Like It by Shakespeare is the still comedy, even Jaques seems Essay

As You Like It by Shakespeare is the still comedy, even Jaques seems like he got a tentative settlement (kind of unhappy ending) - Essay Example In a way Jacques role can be described as an individual who lives for others and whose aim is only to make the painful and dismissal surroundings turn into bliss as he states â€Å"O worthy fool!..............With observation, the which he vents In mangled forms. O that I were a fool! I am ambitious for a motley coat†. (Reed, 1901) Jacques displays an uncharacteristic burst of delight. Interactions with the fool in the forest who entertained him provided nihilistic musings on the passage of time and on man’s life. According to Touchstone this time is portrayed as life spent in man’s own decay, â€Å"â€Å"from hour to hour we rot and rot† (Reed, 1901) This fact for Jacques enables delight from depression and rancid. But analyzing this point from the other angle portrays Jacques who is attempting to make the toughest and miserable aspect of life, palatable. Indeed life is short and every hour of existence only leads us towards decomposition but instead of brooding over this horror as Jacques who draws positivism from negativities we must make the best out of our lives and enjoy spreading this happiness around us. Jacques is a normal human being who from the conversations with Rosalind â€Å"I have neither the scholars melancholy, which is emulation, nor the musicians, which is fantastical, nor the courtiers, which is proud, nor the soldiers, which is ambitious, nor the lawyers, which is politic, nor the ladys, which is nice, nor the lovers, which is all these: but it is a melancholy of mine own, compounded of many simples, extracted from many objects, and indeed the sundrys contemplation of my travels, in which my often rumination wraps me m a most humorous sadness† (Reed ,1901) portrays his optimism during his world travels and with this conversation with Duke Senior an intriguing fact that Jacques was a ‘libertine’ who indulged in sensual vices. Perhaps due to this bitterness Jacques has placed himself as

Direct Solar Energy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Direct Solar Energy - Research Paper Example The solar technologies are categorized as active and passive solar technologies depending in the manner in which they capture convert and distribute solar energy. For example, active solar technologies use solar power for transforming sun rays into electricity directly by means of photovoltaics (PV) or indirectly through concentrated solar space (CSP). The direct solar energy systems generate electricity in one of the two ways: photovoltaic cells and concentrated solar power. The total worldwide capacity of CSP has been growing at an average annual rate of 50 %. However, Ellis, et al. (2013) notes that the CSP have lower renewable energy contribution as compared to solar photovoltaics. The current photovoltaic power generation is 189 GW and is produced by crystalline silicon, concentrating, and thin-film PV.Even though the conventional energy account for 70% of the global energy consumption, the current consumption patterns would not be sustainable in future because of their environm ental impact to climate change and depletion. In this perspective, solar energy is renewable and it cannot be depleted. Direct solar energy mitigates global warming, enhances sustainability, reduces pollution, discourages the use of fossil fuels because solar energy is cheap, and reduces the required transmission lines of the electricity grids, as well as improving the quality of water resources.In general, the costs of renewable energy are lower as compared to that of fossil fuels and nuclear energy.

Career Plan Essay Example for Free

Career Plan Essay I have completed the career profiler. I have learned that I am conventional, enterprising, and social. I am very detail orientated. My strengths include organizing, delivering results, following instructions, coping with pressure, entrepreneurial thinking, and I am goal focused. The career profiler accurately described my strengths. My work culture results were ethical, supportive, and well resourced. I believe in fairness and respect among all people. Each person needs to be responsible for their actions and learn from them. Support is a key point to any management position. A manger needs to be able to listen to their employees and focus on their welfare. A mangers role is to make their employees successful. I believe that this course has taught me to be a charismatic leader with a democratic style of leadership. I also like a well resourced company. In order to be successful at your job the company must have the resources for you to achieve. Working for a disorganized employer is very discouraging for an employee. I have also learned my weaknesses that I need to work on to further my career. I have learned that I need to working on my leading, networking, persuading, writing, presenting, and researching. I plan to work on these areas by becoming more confident and learning new techniques to improve on these skills. During this class I have learned new techniques and leadership theories that I can build on. I plan on building on the leadership theories so that I can prepare for Management Candidate School through USAA.

The Different Sources Of Finance And There Implications Finance Essay

The Different Sources Of Finance And There Implications Finance Essay The assignment attempts to explore the different sources of finance and its implicationIt describes how different structures and cultures affect the business performance of the organization. It identifies the cost of finance as a resource, budgeting and financing adequately. The application of investment appraisal technique and long term decisions. Shows the understanding of basis business and accounting terminology. Research Methods. Theoretical studies from different books and Handouts from our tutor. Personal academic knowledge about business finance.ACCA background. JS AND Co. medium sized retailer scenario. Sources of Finance Js and Co. must be very aware of the importance to use the appropriate sources of financing meeting the needs of your company. Sources of finance to business There are different sources of finance,namely : Short term finance- Trade credit Commercial banks -overdraft Fixed deposits for a period of 1 year or less Advances received from customers Various short-term provisions Operating lease. Medium term finance- Debentures/bonds Public deposits/fixed deposits for duration of three years Commercial banks Short term loans

Evaluation of a modified neck snare to live-capture coyotes :: essays research papers

Pruss, S.D., N.L. Cool, R.J. Hudson and A.R. Gaboury. 2002. Evaluation of a modified neck snare to live-capture coyotes. Wildlife Society bulletin. 30(2):508-516. Many researchers opt for the most humane and safe techniques when obtaining live animals for study. A variety of devices are employed in the trapping of coyotes (Canis latrans), one option being the neck snare. Since all trapping methods have their dangers, researchers in the article â€Å"Evaluation of a modified neck snare to live-capture coyotes,† are motivated to improve trap safety to decrease mortality rates. The modified neck snare consisted of a supporting wire, swivel, locking neck snare and a diazepam tab sedative. The thick, supporting anchor wire (firmly attached to a tree or log) was secured to a snare swivel. Connected to the swivel was the locking snare, which was comprised of a Cam-LocTM. The lock was set to 27cm so that coyotes could be caught safely while reducing the capture of non-subject animals (i.e. elk, moose, deer, and bison). The diazepam tab, also attached to the swivel, consisted of 40mg of crushed diazepam between two strips of cotton. Consumed at the time of capture, this sedative was important to live-captures by decreasing aggression thus lowering incident of injury (lacerations or bruising) and death due to stress or fatal injuries. Research of coyotes occurred in a 194-km2 area of Elk Island National Park (EINP), of Alberta, Canada. 51 coyotes were captured between 15 November-1 April over a period of 9,379 trap nights and 7,421 trap days. Researchers took care in assembling the snares so that any traces of human scent were masked. The traps were then set up along game trails avoiding any exposed or hazardous sites. Every 12-24 hours they were checked to reduce capture time, further reducing stress and injury. Once captured, the coyote was restrained and the immobilizing anesthetic, Telazol, was administered to keep them stationary. The animal was kept warm during the cleaning and stitching of injuries, recording of weight, fitting of eartags and radiocollars, blood collection and injection of antibiotics and an antiparasitic agent.

Avon Marketing Channel Essay -- essays research papers

History of Avon Avon was founded in 1886 as the California Perfume Company by a book salesman named Mr. David McConnell. He got the idea of opening this company when he discovered that the rose oil perfumes he was giving away with the books were the primary reason people were buying his books not the book it self. In 1914 the first international office opened in Montreal, Canada and in 1916 California Perfume Company first incorporated in New York State and by 1964 Avon stocks have been listed on New York Stock Exchange. The company changed its name to Avon products, Inc., in 1939 by the new president of the company the son of the founder after the river that runs through Stratford-On-Avon in the English Midlands. The name is a tribute to McConnell's favorite playwright, William Shakespeare, who hailed from the town. From only $500 revenues a day, which was recorded for the first time in December 1897, in 1920 the company’s revenues reached $1 million a year and by 1972 it reached $1 billion for the first time. In 2004 the total revenue of Avon was $7.7 billions!! In 1999Avon names its first-ever female CEO with the appointment of Andrea Jung in November and in 2001Avon’s Board of Directors elected her as the company’s first female Chairman of the Board. She is one of five female chief executives of Fortune 500 companies, and is one of three holding the titles of chairman and chief executive. Facts about Avon: Avon is the world's leading direct seller of beauty and re...

Albert Camus Essay

This is the commentary on the book â€Å"The Outsider† written by Albert Camus. I decided to set up my commentary writing about: characters, theme, style, time & place and symbolism. The Outsider is a story about a man called Monsieur Meursault, who lives his life in total simplicity and simple enjoyment, but whom society eventually roots out, humiliates and crushes. He lives for the truth. The novel is divided into two parts. In part one his mother dies and he has to go to the funeral. He does not about his mother, so he does not mourn his mother at all. Next day he meets a woman called Marie, with whom he used to work with and they start dating. Meursault invites her out, they go to the cinema and afterwards they sleep together. Later Meursault helps his neighbour Raymond to write a letter to his girlfriend, which leads to the culmination of the book. Raymond and Meursault are now friends and they go to a party where they meet Raymond’s girlfriend’s brother and the Arab, a fight breaks out and the brother attacks Raymond. Meursault goes back to the beach and kills the Arab. Part two is about his trial for murder. The prosecutor is very cruel and Meursault is to be guillotined. At the end he argues with prison chaplain about God and religion. Finally, Meursault finds peace and he thinks perhaps after death his existence may be less absurd; he may be more closely aligned with the universe. He accepts his destiny with clear understanding. In the book â€Å"Outsider† there are three major characters and three minor characters I am going to write about. Characters in Camus novels and plays are keenly aware of the meaninglessness of the human condition, assert their humanity by rebelling against their circumstances. Monsieur Meursault is the central character in the novel. He is emotionless and a careless person; society sees him as an outsider or even a monster. Even though he is honest and as a character he is both disturbing and fascinating. He only seems to care for the most fleeting of sensations and gives no thought to future consequences, for example killing the Arab. For him the events that are important for most people do not mean anything, like the fact that his mother is dead, that Marie loves him and wants to get married. He simply does not care about that. Meursault is amoral; he cannot make difference between good and bad. Raymond asked him to write the letter for his girlfriend, which Meursault does without realising the consequences. Meursault’s indifference seems to apply solely to his understanding of himself. At the end of the novel he realizes that the universe is like him, totally different to human life and that people’s life do not have any meaning or importance, so at the end he is completed as a character. Raymond Sintes is a friend and a neighbour of Meursault. Raymond is a bit like Meursault, he is lonely, he keeps away from other people and he is a cold person. Raymond definitely dislikes women. If Meursault is just different and annoyed with himself, then Raymond on the other hand is a cruel and a violent person, and he knows how to use other people, as he uses Meursault. For example, he has problems with his ex-girlfriend, he beats and abuses her. He says to Meursault that he needs to punish her, which actually leads to conflict with the Arab. Raymond initiates action. Although he only seems to use Meursault, he actually testifies for him and feels a bit responsible. Marie Cardona is the girl who loves Meursault and he likes her as well, but he does not love her. Marie seems to be good-hearted, she accepts everything that Meursault does, including his behaviour and careless. Marie is cheerful, honest and loyal to Meursault. Marie loves Meursault a lot and wants to marry him; she says that she probably loves him because he is so peculiar. Marie also delights in physical contact; they do not kiss in public places. Marie’s physical affection for Meursault signals a deeper sentimental and emotional attachment. Marie acts in a strange way, because Meursault does not care about her at all, but Marie just forgets that and loves him still, and she stays loyal to him even when he is in the prison, she goes to see him. Probably, she enjoys the freedom, because Meursault does not take any interest in her life when they are not together. Marie never grasps the indifference of the universe and she never comes to understand the redemptive value of abandoning hope. Salamano is Meursault’s neighbour. An older man living with his dog (spaniel). He seems to be a very lonely and depressive person and he is filled with anger that he expresses by beating his dog. Meursault does not know him very well, but he always hears Salamano fighting with his dog. Once Meursault hears him crying and he goes to see what has happened, Salamano tells him that his dog is missing and he is really upset. From that, you can see that even if he was beating his dog, he actually loved it very much and the spaniel was the only friend he ever had. Salamano testifies for Meursault in the trial. The Arab is the friend of Raymond’s ex-girlfriend’s brother and he actually plays only a small role in the novel, which is important. You can see that The Arab is a person who wants revenge and he and Raymond’s ex-girlfriends brother are the ones who follow Meursault and Raymond to the beach and start the fight. Meursault is quite cruel to him, after he falls down, Meursault shoots him four times. Maman is not a living character, but is still important. Meursault has a very cold relationship with her; he sent her a home, where she lived out her remaining days. The fact that she is dead, and how Meursault acted in the funeral causes much trouble for him even later. His mother sets in motion society’s negative image of his personality. The novel â€Å"Outsider† was established in 1940’s after the Second World War in France. There is very big effect of the war on people’s religious beliefs. The meaninglessness of human life is one of the major components of Camus’ absurdist philosophy. He finds that human life has no redeeming purpose and the only thing that makes sense is death. In the novel you can see that Meursault finds his peace at the end. He understands that it does not matter whether he dies by execution or normal death. Meursault realizes that he is so different from the universe and the universe is indifferent to him. Like everyone else on this earth, Meursault was born, he will die, and he will not have any further importance to the universe. The importance of the physical world. Meursault is more interested in the physical aspects of the world around him rather than in its social or emotional aspects. In the â€Å"Outsider†, Meursault’s attention centres on his own body, physical contact with Marie, on the weather and on the nature. For example at his mother’s funeral the heat causes much more trouble to him, than the fact that his mother is dead. He also suffers on the beach, because of the sun. Which represents the obsessive effect of society. The story is written in the first person, in the kind of spare, economic style. The flat, impersonal style is perfectly matched to the subject matter. Sentences to not follow upon each other in a logical train, they succeed each other, almost without apparent connection. Camus tries to avoid causal conjunctions, but the ones Meursault uses are â€Å"and† and â€Å"then†, word which do not show motivation. At the end of the book, the language changes a bit. From being very passive it suddenly becomes an obsessive and legal language. The last two paragraphs are the culminating ones, blissful expression of passionate love of life. The sun is one of the symbols in the novel. The sun is usually associated with positive and good things, like societies generally, however they both can become overpowering. They beat down on people, smothering them just like the sun beats down upon Meursault. The sun is presented whenever the force of society is strong within Meursault. There is sun during the funeral, in the court hall, which claims to possess the right to judge people, and on the beach when he kills the Arab. But there is no sun in the cell, because the overpowering force society has been removed. The crucifix symbolizes Christianity, which stands as antagonism to Camus absurdist worldview. Christianity conceived a rational order for the universe based on god’s creation and direction of the world. The chaplain’s insistence that Meursault turn to god does not represent a wish that he should accept particularly Christian beliefs so much as a desire that he holds the principle of a important universe in general. When Meursault defies the magistrate by rejecting Christianity, he totally discards all systems that seek to define a realistic order within human existence.